Tooj
Thaum lub txhuas-nplua nuj ib feem ntawm txhuas-tooj liab alloy yog 548, qhov siab tshaj plaws solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv txhuas yog 5.65%. Thaum kub poob mus rau 302, solubility ntawm tooj liab yog 0.45%. Tooj liab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau alloy thiab muaj qee yam kev daws teeb meem ntxiv zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, CuAl2 precipitated los ntawm kev laus muaj qhov pom tseeb kev laus ntxiv zog. Cov ntsiab lus tooj liab nyob rau hauv aluminium alloys feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2.5% thiab 5%, thiab cov nyhuv ntxiv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum cov ntsiab lus tooj liab nyob nruab nrab ntawm 4% thiab 6.8%, yog li cov ntsiab lus tooj ntawm feem ntau duralumin alloys nyob rau hauv qhov ntau. Aluminium-copper alloys tuaj yeem muaj tsawg dua silicon, magnesium, manganese, chromium, zinc, hlau thiab lwm yam khoom.
Silicon
Thaum lub aluminium-nplua nuj ib feem ntawm Al-Si alloy system muaj qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 577, qhov siab tshaj plaws solubility ntawm silicon hauv cov khoom tov yog 1.65%. Txawm hais tias solubility txo qis nrog qhov kub thiab txias, cov alloys feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Aluminium-silicon alloy muaj zoo heev casting zog thiab corrosion kuj. Yog hais tias magnesium thiab silicon ntxiv rau txhuas nyob rau tib lub sijhawm los tsim ib qho txhuas-magnesium-silicon alloy, lub zog ntxiv yog MgSi. Qhov loj piv ntawm magnesium rau silicon yog 1.73: 1. Thaum tsim cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Al-Mg-Si alloy, cov ntsiab lus ntawm magnesium thiab silicon raug teeb tsa hauv qhov piv ntawm cov matrix. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog ntawm qee qhov Al-Mg-Si alloys, qhov tsim nyog ntawm tooj liab raug ntxiv, thiab cov nyiaj tsim nyog ntawm chromium raug ntxiv los cuam tshuam qhov tsis zoo ntawm tooj liab ntawm corrosion kuj.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws solubility ntawm Mg2Si nyob rau hauv txhuas nyob rau hauv lub aluminium-nplua nuj ib feem ntawm lub equilibrium theem daim duab ntawm lub Al-Mg2Si alloy system yog 1.85%, thiab deceleration yog me me raws li qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv deformed aluminium alloys, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm silicon ib leeg rau txhuas yog txwv rau vuam cov ntaub ntawv, thiab ntxiv ntawm silicon rau txhuas kuj muaj ib tug tej yam ntxiv dag zog rau.
Magnesium
Txawm hais tias lub solubility nkhaus qhia tau hais tias cov solubility ntawm magnesium nyob rau hauv aluminium zoo heev txo raws li qhov kub thiab txias, magnesium ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv feem ntau industrial deformed aluminium alloys yog tsawg dua 6%. Cov ntsiab lus silicon kuj tsawg. Hom alloy no tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov, tab sis muaj qhov zoo weldability, zoo corrosion kuj, thiab nruab nrab lub zog. Lub zog ntawm aluminium los ntawm magnesium yog pom tseeb. Rau txhua txhua 1% nce hauv magnesium, lub zog tensile nce los ntawm kwv yees li 34MPa. Yog tias tsawg dua 1% manganese ntxiv, cov nyhuv ntxiv dag zog tuaj yeem ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv manganese tuaj yeem txo cov ntsiab lus magnesium thiab txo qhov nyiam ntawm kub tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, manganese kuj tseem tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Mg5Al8 tebchaw, txhim kho corrosion kuj thiab vuam kev ua tau zoo.
Manganese
Thaum lub eutectic kub ntawm lub tiaj tus equilibrium theem daim duab ntawm lub Al-Mn alloy system yog 658, lub siab tshaj plaws solubility ntawm manganese nyob rau hauv cov khoom tov yog 1.82%. Lub zog ntawm cov alloy nce nrog kev nce hauv solubility. Thaum cov ntsiab lus manganese yog 0.8%, qhov elongation nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws. Al-Mn alloy yog cov tsis muaj hnub nyoog hardening alloy, uas yog, nws tsis tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Manganese tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem recrystallization ntawm aluminium alloys, nce qhov kub ntawm recrystallization, thiab ua kom zoo dua cov nplej recrystallized. Kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov nplej recrystallized feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom tawg ntawm MnAl6 tebchaw cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov nplej recrystallized. Lwm txoj haujlwm ntawm MnAl6 yog kom yaj impurity hlau rau daim ntawv (Fe, Mn) Al6, txo cov teebmeem ntawm cov hlau. Manganese yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv aluminium alloys. Nws tuaj yeem muab ntxiv ib leeg los ua ib qho Al-Mn binary alloy. Ntau zaus, nws tau ntxiv ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus alloying. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau aluminium alloys muaj manganese.
Zinc
Lub solubility ntawm zinc nyob rau hauv txhuas yog 31.6% ntawm 275 nyob rau hauv lub aluminium-nplua nuj ib feem ntawm lub equilibrium theem daim duab ntawm Al-Zn alloy system, thaum nws solubility poob mus rau 5.6% ntawm 125. Ntxiv zinc ib leeg rau txhuas muaj kev txhim kho heev nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm aluminium alloy nyob rau hauv deformation tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev nyiam rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion cracking, yog li txwv nws daim ntawv thov. Ntxiv zinc thiab magnesium rau txhuas nyob rau tib lub sijhawm ua rau lub zog ntxiv Mg / Zn2, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau. Thaum Mg / Zn2 cov ntsiab lus tau nce los ntawm 0.5% mus rau 12%, lub zog tensile thiab lub zog tawm los tuaj yeem nce ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv superhard aluminium alloys qhov twg cov ntsiab lus magnesium ntau tshaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau Mg / Zn2 theem, thaum qhov piv ntawm zinc rau magnesium yog tswj nyob ib ncig ntawm 2.7, qhov kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking kuj yog loj tshaj. Piv txwv li, ntxiv cov tooj liab rau Al-Zn-Mg ua cov Al-Zn-Mg-Cu series alloy. Lub hauv paus txhawb zog cov nyhuv yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov txhuas alloys. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv aluminium alloy hauv aerospace, aviation kev lag luam, thiab hluav taws xob kev lag luam.
Hlau thiab silicon
Hlau yog ntxiv raws li alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv Al-Cu-Mg-Ni-Fe series wrought txhuas alloys, thiab silicon yog ntxiv raws li alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv Al-Mg-Si series wrought txhuas thiab nyob rau hauv Al-Si series vuam rods thiab txhuas-silicon casting. alloys. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus aluminium alloys, silicon thiab hlau yog cov ntsiab lus impurity, uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom ntawm alloy. Lawv feem ntau muaj xws li FeCl3 thiab silicon dawb. Thaum silicon loj dua hlau, β-FeSiAl3 (los yog Fe2Si2Al9) theem yog tsim, thiab thaum hlau loj dua silicon, α-Fe2SiAl8 (los yog Fe3Si2Al12) yog tsim. Thaum qhov piv ntawm cov hlau thiab silicon tsis raug, nws yuav ua rau cov kab nrib pleb. Thaum cov ntsiab lus hlau nyob rau hauv cam khwb cia txhuas yog siab dhau lawm, lub casting yuav nkig.
Titanium thiab Boron
Titanium yog ib qho khoom siv feem ntau siv hauv txhuas alloys, ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Al-Ti lossis Al-Ti-B master alloy. Titanium thiab txhuas ua rau TiAl2 theem, uas dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-spontaneous thaum lub sij hawm crystallization thiab plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv refining lub casting qauv thiab weld qauv. Thaum Al-Ti alloys tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pob, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm titanium yog li 0.15%. Yog tias muaj boron tam sim no, qhov qeeb qeeb me me li 0.01%.
Chromium
Chromium yog ib qho khoom siv ntxiv hauv Al-Mg-Si series, Al-Mg-Zn series, thiab Al-Mg series alloys. Ntawm 600 ° C, solubility ntawm chromium nyob rau hauv txhuas yog 0.8%, thiab nws yog insoluble nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Chromium tsim intermetallic tebchaw xws li (CrFe) Al7 thiab (CrMn) Al12 nyob rau hauv txhuas, uas cuam tshuam lub nucleation thiab loj hlob txheej txheem ntawm recrystallization thiab muaj ib tug tej yam ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov toughness ntawm cov hlau thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion cracking.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw nce quenching rhiab heev, ua rau cov yeeb yaj kiab anodized daj. Tus nqi ntawm chromium ntxiv rau aluminium alloys feem ntau tsis tshaj 0.35%, thiab txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov hlau.
Strontium
Strontium yog ib qho chaw ua haujlwm saum npoo uas tuaj yeem hloov tus cwj pwm ntawm intermetallic compound theem crystallographically. Yog li, kev hloov kho nrog strontium caij tuaj yeem txhim kho cov yas ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg. Vim nws lub sijhawm hloov kho tau zoo, cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab rov tsim dua tshiab, strontium tau hloov kev siv sodium hauv Al-Si casting alloys hauv xyoo tas los no. Ntxiv 0.015% ~ 0.03% strontium rau aluminium alloy rau extrusion hloov β-AlFeSi theem nyob rau hauv lub ingot mus rau α-AlFeSi theem, txo lub sij hawm ingot homogenization los ntawm 60% ~ 70%, kev txhim kho cov neeg kho tshuab zog thiab yas processability ntawm cov ntaub ntawv; txhim kho qhov roughness ntawm cov khoom.
Rau high-silicon (10% ~ 13%) deformed aluminium alloys, ntxiv 0.02% ~ 0.07% strontium caij tuaj yeem txo cov pob zeb thawj zaug kom tsawg, thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab kuj tseem txhim kho. Lub zog tensile бb yog nce los ntawm 233MPa mus rau 236MPa, thiab yield zog б0.2 nce los ntawm 204MPa mus rau 210MPa, thiab elongation б5 nce los ntawm 9% mus rau 12%. Ntxiv strontium rau hypereutectic Al-Si alloy tuaj yeem txo qhov loj ntawm thawj silicon hais, txhim kho cov khoom siv yas, thiab ua kom cov kub thiab txias dov.
Zirconium
Zirconium kuj yog ib qho khoom siv ntxiv hauv aluminium alloys. Feem ntau, tus nqi ntxiv rau aluminium alloys yog 0.1% ~ 0.3%. Zirconium thiab txhuas daim ntawv ZrAl3 tebchaw, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem recrystallization thiab kho cov nplej recrystallized. Zirconium kuj tuaj yeem kho cov qauv casting, tab sis cov nyhuv me dua titanium. Lub xub ntiag ntawm zirconium yuav txo tau cov nplej refining nyhuv ntawm titanium thiab boron. Nyob rau hauv Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, txij li zirconium muaj cov nyhuv me me ntawm quenching rhiab heev dua chromium thiab manganese, nws tsim nyog siv zirconium es tsis txhob chromium thiab manganese los kho cov qauv recrystallized.
Rare ntiaj teb yam
Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus tau ntxiv rau aluminium alloys txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm Nws tseem tuaj yeem txo qhov nro ntawm cov yaj, ua kom cov dej ntws tawm, thiab ua kom yooj yim rau hauv cov ingots, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los ntxiv ntau yam tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 0.1%. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov av tsis tshua muaj sib xyaw (sib xyaw La-Ce-Pr-Nd, thiab lwm yam) txo qhov kub thiab txias rau kev tsim cov laus G?P cheeb tsam hauv Al-0.65% Mg-0.61% Si alloy. Aluminium alloys uas muaj magnesium tuaj yeem txhawb cov metamorphism ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb.
impurity
Vanadium cov ntaub ntawv VAl11 refractory compound nyob rau hauv aluminium alloys, uas plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv refining nplej thaum lub melting thiab casting txheej txheem, tab sis nws lub luag hauj lwm yog tsawg tshaj li ntawm titanium thiab zirconium. Vanadium kuj muaj cov nyhuv ntawm refining cov qauv recrystallized thiab ua kom cov recrystallization kub.
Cov khoom solubility ntawm calcium nyob rau hauv aluminium alloys yog tsawg heev, thiab nws tsim ib tug CaAl4 compound nrog txhuas. Calcium yog ib qho superplastic ntawm aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloy nrog kwv yees li 5% calcium thiab 5% manganese muaj superplasticity. Calcium thiab silicon daim ntawv CaSi, uas yog insoluble nyob rau hauv txhuas. Txij li thaum cov khoom siv ntawm silicon raug txo qis, cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab txhuas tuaj yeem txhim kho me ntsis. Calcium tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm aluminium alloys. CaSi2 tsis tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau aluminium alloys los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Cov kab mob calcium uas pab tshem tawm hydrogen los ntawm molten aluminium.
Lead, tin, thiab bismuth cov ntsiab lus yog cov hlau uas tsis tshua muaj melting point. Lawv cov khoom solubility nyob rau hauv txhuas yog me me, uas yog me ntsis txo lub zog ntawm cov alloy, tab sis tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua tau zoo. Bismuth nthuav thaum lub sij hawm solidification, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev pub mis. Ntxiv bismuth rau siab magnesium alloys tuaj yeem tiv thaiv sodium embrittlement.
Antimony feem ntau yog siv los ua kev hloov kho hauv cam khwb cia txhuas alloys, thiab tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv deformed aluminium alloys. Tsuas yog hloov bismuth hauv Al-Mg deformed aluminium alloy los tiv thaiv sodium embrittlement. Antimony keeb tau ntxiv rau qee qhov Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem kub nias thiab txias nias.
Beryllium tuaj yeem txhim kho cov qauv ntawm oxide zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv deformed aluminium alloys thiab txo qhov kub hnyiab thiab suav nrog thaum melting thiab casting. Beryllium yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj lom neeg. Yog li ntawd, beryllium tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv aluminium alloys uas tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov zaub mov thiab dej haus. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm beryllium hauv cov khoom siv vuam feem ntau yog tswj qis dua 8μg / ml. Aluminium alloys siv los ua vuam substrates yuav tsum tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm beryllium.
Sodium yog yuav luag insoluble nyob rau hauv txhuas, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws khoom solubility yog tsawg tshaj li 0.0025%. Lub melting point ntawm sodium yog tsawg (97.8 ℃), thaum sodium yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub alloy, nws yog adsorbed nyob rau hauv lub dendrite nto los yog grain ciam thaum lub sij hawm solidification, thaum lub sij hawm kub ua, cov sodium nyob rau hauv lub grain ciam ua ib tug kua adsorption txheej, ua rau nkig tawg, tsim ntawm NaAlSi tebchaw, tsis muaj sodium dawb, thiab tsis tsim "sodium brittle".
Thaum cov ntsiab lus magnesium ntau tshaj 2%, magnesium tshem tawm silicon thiab precipitates dawb sodium, ua rau "sodium brittleness". Yog li ntawd, siab magnesium aluminium alloy tsis pub siv sodium ntsev flux. Cov txheej txheem los tiv thaiv "sodium embrittlement" suav nrog chlorination, uas ua rau sodium los ua NaCl thiab tawm mus rau hauv slag, ntxiv bismuth los ua Na2Bi thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov hlau matrix; ntxiv antimony rau daim ntawv Na3Sb los yog ntxiv cov av tsis tshua muaj peev xwm kuj muaj cov nyhuv tib yam.
Kho los ntawm May Jiang los ntawm MAT Aluminium
Post lub sij hawm: Aug-08-2024
